The term statistics refers specifically to distribution statistics. Distribution statistics describe index key values, specifically:
- Selectivity – Refers to how many rows are identified by a key value. A unique index has high selectivity. A key with many duplicates has low selectivity.
- Distribution – Used when estimating how efficient an index will be in retrieving data associated with a key value or range.
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The query optimization statistics are simply a form of dynamic metadata that contain statistical information about the distribution of values in one or more columns of a table or indexed view.
Full article - Understanding SQL Server Query Optimization Statistics
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